Colorectal Cancer 101: Symptoms, Risks and Prevention

Colorectal (colon) cancer is the third most common types of cancer worldwide, yet it remains a topic many feel uncomfortable discussing. Despite its prevalence, early detection and prevention can make a significant difference in treatment outcomes. Whether you're aiming to understand what colon cancer is, symptoms to be on the lookout for, explore risk factors, or learn about preventive measures, the information below will equip you to take charge of your health.

What is colorectal cancer?

Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the digestive system. The colon (sometimes called the large intestine) processes the food you've eaten, extracting nutrients, and eliminating waste. The rectum is the final part of this system, where waste collects before it's eliminated.

Colorectal cancer often starts as small, noncancerous growths called polyps that form on the lining of the colon or rectum. While not all polyps turn into cancer, certain types—known as adenomatous polyps—can develop into colorectal cancer over time. Detecting and removing these polyps early is critical to reduce your risk of them becoming cancerous.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer

Symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary depending on the stage of the disease, and in its early stages, you may not have any noticeable signs. However, common symptoms to watch for include:

• Persistent changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, constipation, or a change in stool consistency
• Blood in the stool, which may appear bright red or give stools a darker, tar-like color, is another key warning sign.
• Unexplained weight loss
• Fatigue
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• Feeling that the bowel does not empty completely.

While these symptoms can also be associated with less serious conditions, it's important to talk with your doctor or advanced practice provider (APP) if you experience them, especially if they persist or worsen.

Risk factors for colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer affects people of all genders and backgrounds. However, some individuals may have a higher risk due to specific factors. These include:

• Age: While colorectal cancer can develop in younger adults, it’s far more common in those aged 50 and older.
• Family history: If you have a close relative, such as parents, siblings, or children, who have had colorectal cancer, your risk increases.
• Diet: Consuming a diet high in red or processed meats and low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables is linked to a higher risk.
• Lifestyle: Lack of physical activity, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol consumption are all associated with an increased risk.
• Chronic conditions: Individuals with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis face greater risks.
• Genetic conditions: Syndromes such as familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) or Lynch syndrome can significantly elevate your likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.

Understanding these risk factors allows you to talk with your doctor or APP about focusing on preventive measures and early detection strategies.

Ways to prevent colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable forms of cancer when detected early and managed with healthy lifestyle choices. You should make sure to get regular screenings, such as colonoscopies, which are essential for catching precancerous polyps before they develop into cancer. The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends that adults aged 45 and over be screened for colorectal cancer. If you have a family history of colorectal cancer or other risk factors, you may need to start earlier. Speak with your doctor or APP about the right screening schedule for you.

You can also make lifestyle changes to help prevent getting colorectal cancer, including:

• Maintain a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins while limiting processed foods and red meat consumption.
• Stay physically active
• Avoid smoking
• Drink alcohol in moderation

Early detection and proactive care are your strongest allies in the fight against colorectal cancer. By staying informed, adopting a healthy lifestyle, and scheduling regular screenings, you can significantly reduce your risk. Your health is your greatest asset, so don’t delay talking with your doctor or APP about colorectal cancer, especially if you’re over 45, have a family history of colorectal cancer, or are experiencing symptoms like blood in your stool or persistent abdominal pain.

*An advanced practice provider includes a nurse practitioner or physician assistant.